Dennis McCallum
Hebrews 4:14-5:10; 7:1-28
When reading these two passages, Christians can easily become totally confused and give up. Yet, these are surely two of the richest passages in the whole of Scripture. Therefore, the author rebukes those of his audience who have no taste for meat (5:11-14) and who are therefore immature. They couldn't understand, and it will be even harder for us to tướng bởi so sánh, since we have none of the Jewish liturgical background they did. For this reason, we will have to tướng start with some background considerations.
The Setting
Priests
The issue at hand in this passage is priesthood. We today can hardly understand the importance of this office to tướng the Jewish people for whom the book of Hebrews is written. Based on Old Testament teaching, these people were raised with firm convictions that a priest was absolutely necessary in their relationship with God. The priest was a go-between or an intercessor between man and God. Such a person was necessary because of the Holiness of God. Holiness means God is totally separate from fallen man and, in a real sense, unapproachable. For this reason, God ordained that certain men who were ritually cleansed in a special way should approach him on behalf of the people. These men were chosen by God for the office. They would give sacrifice to tướng God which symbolically atoned, or paid for the people's sins. We see this principle at work very early in the story of Job (42:7-9).
When God established His covenant with the Jews at Sinai, he chose one family to tướng act as priests. This family was the family of Aaron and in addition, Aaron's tribe, the Levites. The book of Leviticus is written to tướng instruct the "levitical" priests on how to tướng perform their service. One example of their service is the day of atonement. On this day, among other things, the priest in charge would give an animal sacrifice for the forgiveness of the people's sins. He then would take some blood (a symbol of death) from the sacrifice and enter the small cubicle where God dwelt in a special way. There he would display the blood symbolically to tướng God(1) thus demonstrating that the sacrifice had been given--a life had ended, implying that the wages of sin (death) had been paid. (See Leviticus 17:10) Only the high priest could come into this cubicle in the temple. If anyone else came in, he would be struck dead. This rule was so sánh steadfast that, according to tướng later tradition, a rope was tied around the priest's ankle so sánh that, if he collapsed or died while in the cubicle, he could be pulled out by rope rather kêu ca have someone else go in for him.
You can see how this demonstrates the unapproachability of God. At the same time, it shows the definite need for a priest to tướng represent us as sinners before God.
Things to tướng Notice: These points are briefly stated in Hebrews.
- Priests give sacrifice to tướng God and represent the other peoples (5:1).
- Priests must be cleansed in a special ritual way (5:3).
- Priests are chosen for the office by God (5:4).
The Problem
As mentioned above, a Jewish priest must be from the tribe of Levi. The author of Hebrews intends to tướng show that Jesus is in fact the only ordained priest that God has for believers. However, Jesus was not from the tribe of Levi but from the tribe of Judah. (See Heb. 7:13,14.) This means that according to tướng Mosaic law, Jesus lacked the first requirement for priesthood.
Besides this, even if the readers of Hebrews granted that Jesus was a priest, He was no longer on earth at the time the book was written. This would mean, according to tướng Old Testament law, that someone should take over to tướng perform the services in the temple. In other words, even if Jesus had been a priest, He would not have been one after His ascension.
The Audience's Beliefs
The Jews to tướng whom the book is written are apparently somewhat confused as to tướng what they believe. They are willing to tướng admit that Jesus is the promised Messiah of Israel. Along with this, they probably believed that He would return to tướng rule the world. However, for the reasons mentioned above, they were not sure where they stood in relation to tướng ritual Judaism.
Since they could not be sure that Christ was the only ordained priest, they felt it could hardly bởi any harm to tướng offer sacrifice in the temple as well. This way they would have "double coverage" and they would avoid persecution from fellow Jews for denying Judaism.
According to tướng the author of Hebrews, this solution was intolerable. We will see the reasons for his strong stand in the section "So What?" Now let us see his argument.
The Argument
The author's task is indeed great. He must prove, using only Old Testament scripture, that Jesus is our only priest, not only during his life, but for all time. Anyone intending to tướng approach God must bởi so sánh through Him alone, thus rendering the Old Testament ritual cultus obsolete and even blasphemous.
Melchizedek: A Priest Out of Nowhere
Look at Genesis 14:17-20
- 17 After Abram returned from defeating Kedorlaomer and the kings allied with him, the king of Sodom came out to tướng meet him in the Valley of Shaveh (that is, the King's Valley).
- 18 Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High,
- 19 and he blessed Abram, saying, "Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth.
- 20 And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your enemies into your hand." Then Abram gave him a tenth of everything.
This passage introduces us to tướng a rather obscure Old Testament figure named Melchizedek. Melchizedek is a priest. Yet the priesthood was not established for at least 500 years after this incident! This incident occurred in roughly 2000 BC, but the priesthood referred to tướng in Leviticus was phối up in the 1400's BC. Obviously, this man must have been a priest in some order other kêu ca the Levitical order.
This unusual man meets the great patriarch Abraham one day as Abraham is returning with the booty he has won from a battle with some enemy troops. There a very brief but very strange transaction occurs. Notice verse 19. Melchizedek blesses Abraham. According to tướng Biblical and ancient practice, this means that both Melchizedek and Abraham realized that of the two of them, Melchizedek had greater stature. Fathers, for instance, always bless sons. The son would never pronounce a blessing on the father. Yet, while Abraham apparently viewed Melchizedek as greater, he was himself probably the greatest name in the whole Old Testament! He was the father of the Jews, the father of all the great men of God who followed after. When we realize how great Abraham was it becomes doubly hard to tướng understand how Melchizedek could be even greater.
In addition, notice that Abraham gives a tithe of his booty to tướng Melchizedek. This also indicates that Abraham recognized Melchizedek as his priest. Both the blessing and the tithe point to tướng the same thing--the great stature of this man. He stands as a priest at a time there were no priests, and holds a stature greater kêu ca the patriarch Abraham. Clearly, if Melchizedek appeared at the time of the writing of Hebrews, all lesser priests would have to tướng step aside and give way to tướng him.
When you think about it, this short incident proves that there is such a thing as a priesthood which is wholly outside of the Jewish people. After all, Abraham was the only living Jew at the time this story occurred. Think about this in relation to tướng the question of whether Jesus qualifies as priest for all believers. If he were a priest lượt thích Melchizedek, it wouldn't matter that he wasn't a Levite. If only the author of Hebrews could somehow find a passage linking the Messiah to tướng this sort of priesthood, he would win his case. He would have proven, using only the Old Testament, that Jesus is the sole authorized priest of God.
The Missing Link
Look at the beginning of Psalms 110
- 1 Of David. A psalm. The LORD says to tướng my Lord: "Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet."
- 2 The LORD will extend your mighty scepter from Zion; you will rule in the midst of your enemies.
- 3 Your troops will be willing on your day of battle. Arrayed in holy majesty, from the womb of the dawn you will receive the dew of your youth.
Note in verse 1 that King David says "The Lord says to tướng my Lord..." The first Lord is Yahweh. The second is Adonai. This second term is one of three common names of God in the Old Testament. It could in some cases be used of a ruler much as we might refer to tướng the house of Lords. However, David, himself, was an absolute monarch. Who would he refer to tướng as his Adonia? The most likely answer is "the Messiah." This is how this Psalm has been understood by early rabbis and by the New Testament. It is a prophetic Psalm describing what the Father will bởi for the son.
Now read verse 4 "The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind: 'You are a priest forever, in the order of Melchizedek.'"
Everything is right here!
The Father promises the Messiah that He will be a priest according to tướng the higher order of Melchizedek. This eliminates the first problem given above. Since Jesus is not to tướng be a priest in the levitical order, He need not be from the tribe of Levi. Also He is a priest forever. This eliminates the second problem above. No one is to tướng take over when He leaves.
Isn't it amazing that with one mention of Melchizedek in 2000 BC only three verses long, and another in 1000 BC only one verse long, we have ironclad proof that Jesus Christ is the only proper priest then and now? This should teach us something about the Word of God. Although the book spans 2000 years, it is a perfect unit. Also, it seems plain that the author of Hebrews would never have been able to tướng put this all together by himself. God directed him to tướng it.
Who Is Melchizedek?
It is interesting to tướng notice that the name Melchizedek comes from one Semitic root which means "king," and another, which means righteousness. His name literally means King of Righteousness (Heb. 7:2). Also, He was the King of Salem. Salem is the word from which comes "Shalom" or peace. Therefore here is also the "King of Peace" (Heb. 7:2).
Another strange thing is that as great as this man was, we are given no explanation as to tướng why. Usually a genealogy is given to tướng show that a great one is from some special family (see Matthew 1:1-18). This was more important to tướng ancient and medieval culture kêu ca it is today. It would be especially important in the Bible where God so sánh often giao dịch with families and nations. But in this case, genealogy is given (Hebrews 7:3).
Could it be that Melchizedek, the King of Righteousness and Peace was in fact Jesus Christ Himself? That's what some interpreters think, based on Hebrews 7:3 and 8.(4) If this is right, then Christ, Himself, must have appeared in this case as He did again in Genesis 18:16-33 for some special reason. Probably He foresaw that the priesthood question would become a problem later, so sánh He intervened at this time to tướng solve it. Then by inspiring David and the author of Hebrews to tướng make the appropriate comments, the new arrangement was clarified.
Other interpreters see Melchizedek as a type of Christ. The comment in Heb. 7 that "without beginning of days or over of life, lượt thích the Son of God he remains a priest forever," would be referring to tướng Psalms 110 according to tướng this interpretation. There, as we saw, Messiah is a priest forever. Also, they point out, Melchizedek was king of an actual Jebusite city--Salem. Whether Melchizedek was Christ himself, or a type of Christ is not really important because either way, the lesson is the same for us--Jesus Christ is the sole authorized priest for all time, completely and permanently replacing the Old Testament priestly cultus.
So What?
When we establish the fact that Christ is our sole Priest, we have not gone far enough. We have yet to tướng ask "so what?" The facts in scripture are not alive until we apply them--first to tướng the people they were addressed to tướng, then to tướng ourselves.
Why is God inspiring the author to tướng make such a big giảm giá khuyến mãi out of the eternal priesthood of Christ? Why are Christianity and Jewish Priestcraft incompatible? We find the answers to tướng these questions in the remainder of Hebrews 7.
In Hebrews 7:11 the writer asks his audience, "If the Levitical priesthood is so sánh great for bringing man and God together, then why did God start planning for a new order way back in the time of Abraham?" It should be obvious that the Mosaic system was never intended to tướng be the ultimate solution to tướng sin, but only a temporary teaching experience.
However, another important factor comes in at this point.
"On the basis of it (the Levitical priesthood) the people received the Law." This statement reflects the two part covenant size of the Mosaic law. On the one hand, the people were given commandments (i.e., the ten commandments) and told that they must obey them. On the other hand, if they did disobey, they would seek forgiveness through some of the temple rituals. This formed a second clause to tướng the covenant. If the second clause is abrogated totally, what does this say about the first clause? It says that the first clause is also totally abrogated.
So we see that what is at issue here is very grave indeed. Verse 12 says "When the Priesthood is changed, there takes place a change of law also." Mixing Jewish temple rituals with faith in Christ really constitutes mixing works with grace. Our acceptance by God must come only by believing in Christ's sacrifice of Himself for us on the cross. To worry about whether they should add their own sacrifices as well meant that they doubted Jesus' sacrifice was good enough! This is clearly an intolerable stand.
Imagine how it must have grieved the author of Hebrews to tướng see this trend in the Jewish church. No doubt he had spent his life teaching them to tướng trust in the grace or miễn phí gift of God through Christ. Yet now his hard work was going up in smoke before his eyes, because they were turning to tướng their own works for assurance of salvation. No wonder he makes a big giảm giá khuyến mãi out of the abrogation of the Mosaic law! He realizes that their life and faith will suffer shipwreck if they continue in this direction.
Application for Today
In this sense the priesthood of Christ begins to tướng also apply directly to tướng us today. Many times we tend to tướng feel that good works on our part will make us in some way more acceptable to tướng God. Sometimes this is explicitly or implicitly taught from the pulpit. We know this because many Christians who attend evangelical churches (who should know better) still believe that Christianity consists mainly of obeying the Ten Commandments, etc. This lack of clear focus concerning the essence of true spirituality, present now as then, is dealt with emphatically in chapter seven.
Look at verse 18. "On the one hand there is a setting aside of a former commandment because of its weakness and uselessness." This must have sounded lượt thích pure heresy! How could the law of Moses be weak and useless? Even more outrageous would be the suggestion that it should be annulled or phối aside. Notice that the word for putting away here is the same as the word for "putting away sin" in chapter 9:26. This is a very strong statement!
Now to tướng those today who love the law--who feel that it cannot be dispensed within the Christian life--we have only one question. Why does the Bible teach that the commandments are weak and useless?
One answer that might be given is that this only applies to tướng the ceremonial portion of the law of Moses. However, this could hardly be true. In 2 Corinthians 3:7, Paul speaks of the "ministry of death inscribed on stones." This is obviously a reference to tướng the Ten Commandments themselves! Yet they are called the ministry of death. This is coupled to tướng the preceding statement, "We are...servants of a new covenant, not of the letter, but of the spirit, for the letter (the ministry of death) kills, but the spirit gives life."
Paul is saying here that legalistic living produces alienation from God. When we try to tướng please God with works of law we always fail to tướng keep the rules as we should. This always leads to tướng feelings of guilt and shame when we approach God in prayer. The only other possibility is to tướng rationalize our sin or pretend that our good works outweigh the bad, and such dishonesty is also a barrier to tướng fellowship with God. Paul calls this alienation death. Instead he says, we are now servants of the new covenant of the Spirit.
Hebrews 7:19 says the same thing. After saying that on one hand there is a setting aside of the former commandment. . . he now says, "On the other hand there is a bringing in of a better hope through which we draw near to tướng God." This "better hope" is the new law-free relationship we have with God. With Christ as our priest and sacrifice, we know that all our sins are surely forgiven. Therefore there is no need to tướng feel shame or guilt, or to tướng rationalize our sins. As far as lifestyle is concerned, in Hebrews 10:16 God says, "I will put my laws upon their hearts, and upon their mind I will write them." We have the Holy Spirit actually living within us. He is able to tướng tell us what to tướng bởi and give us the power to tướng bởi it. As a result we can "draw near to tướng God" without fear of any kind. Let us not forget, however, that this kind of relationship is only possible when we first "set aside" the old system of works.
No wonder the author of Hebrews is so sánh insistent on dropping any size of self-performance. Isn't it encouraging to tướng see that the sure proof of Christ's priesthood is the basis upon which this truth is set? To any who will believe "He is able to tướng save forever those who draw near to tướng God through Him, since He always lives to tướng make intercession for them."(Hebrews 7:25)